How does DNS resolve a domain name to an IP address, including caching and recursion?

• A. The resolver queries root servers, then TLD servers, then authoritative servers; caching and TTL reduce subsequent queries; recursion is performed by the resolver until an IP is returned or failure.
• B. The resolver queries authoritative servers directly, bypassing root and TLD.
• C. DNS queries are always handled entirely by the client browser with no server involvement.
• D. Root servers store every domain's IP address directly.

Answer: (C)